Neurons

Neurons are specialized cells that form the foundation of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Their primary function is to receive, process and transmit signals, enabling everything from thought and memory to movement and sensory perception.

Unlike many other cells in the body, most neurons are not easily replaced once lost. Because of this, their protection and maintenance are central to strategies focused on healthy brain aging, cognitive performance and longevity.

Structure of a neuron

Each neuron has a unique shape that reflects its role in electrical and chemical communication. Key parts include:

• Cell body (soma): contains the nucleus and performs metabolic functions;
• Dendrites: branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons;
• Axon: a long extension that transmits signals to other cells;
• Axon terminals: the endpoint of the axon, where communication occurs with the next cell;
• Synapse: the junction between them where neurotransmitters carry the message;
• Myelin sheath: a fatty layer surrounding the axon that speeds up signal transmission and protects the nerve fiber.

Together, these structures allow neurons to form networks and circuits, creating the basis of brain function, sensation, emotion and behavior.

Types of neurons

Neurons are classified by their function:

• Sensory neurons: carry information from sensory receptors (e.g. skin, eyes) to the brain;
• Motor neurons: transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles, enabling movement;
• Interneurons: connect neurons within the brain and spinal cord, playing a role in reflexes, thought and learning.

Each type is essential for maintaining a well functioning nervous system and the balance between them affects everything from mood to coordination.

Neurons and aging

As we age, neurons face increasing stress and gradual functional decline. While most of them are not lost in large numbers during normal aging, their efficiency and connectivity may decrease. Common age related changes include:

• Reduced synaptic density: fewer connections between neurons;
• Slower signal transmission: due to demyelination or oxidative damage;
• Decreased neuroplasticity: reduced ability to adapt and form new connections;
• Impaired mitochondrial function: leading to energy deficits in brain cells.

These changes contribute to cognitive slowing, memory issues and increased vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases.

However, the brain retains a remarkable capacity for adaptation and repair, especially when supported by a healthy lifestyle.

Supporting neuron health

Neurons are influenced by the environment we create for them. Key strategies to support their health include:

• Stimulating mental activity: learning new skills, reading, problem solving;
• Regular physical activity: boosts blood flow and promotes neurogenesis;
• Quality sleep: supports memory consolidation and cellular repair;
• Stress reduction: chronic stress impairs neuroplasticity and increases inflammation;
• Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): a protein that supports neuron survival and growth.

Several nutrients and compounds can also help protect and support neurons:

• Omega 3 fatty acids (DHA): crucial for membrane integrity and anti-inflammatory signaling;
• Magnesium: supports synaptic plasticity and mood regulation;
• Curcumin: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the brain;
• Lion’s mane mushroom: may stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF);
• Polyphenols (like resveratrol and quercetin): help combat oxidative stress.

Neurons are the core units of communication in the body, enabling everything from thought and memory to movement and emotion. Although aging naturally impacts neuronal function, many strategies, rooted in lifestyle, nutrition and emerging science, can protect these cells and promote brain health across the lifespan.

Supporting neurons isn’t just about preventing disease, it’s about nurturing the foundation of vitality, clarity and resilience as we age.